Pasal 45
BAB 7 — KETENTUAN PENUTUP
Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.
Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan Undang-undang ini dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia.
Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1999
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA ttd. BACHARUDDIN JUSUF HABIBIE
Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1999
MENTERI NEGARA SEKRETARIAT NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA, ttd. MULADI
LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 1999 NOMOR 140.
Pasal 44 - Revocation of Prior Law
Revoked: UU 3/1971 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi
Official citation:
- Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1971 Nomor 19
- Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 2958
Effect: Complete replacement (total revocation)
Timing: Simultaneous with new law taking effect
Historical context - UU 3/1971:
- Enacted during Suharto's New Order regime
- First comprehensive anti-corruption law
- Based on PNPS 24/1960 (Emergency Regulation)
Shortcomings of UU 3/1971:
- Weak penalties - Maximum 15 years imprisonment
- No corporate liability - Only individuals could be prosecuted
- Limited definition - Narrow scope of corruption acts
- Weak procedures - No special investigative powers
- Rarely enforced - Political corruption largely immune
- No specialized body - No independent anti-corruption agency
Improvements in UU 31/1999:
- Harsher penalties - Life imprisonment, death penalty possible
- Corporate liability - Corporations as criminal subjects
- Expanded scope - More acts criminalized
- Special powers - Bank secrecy piercing, wiretapping, asset freezing
- Public participation - Whistleblower protection, civil society role
- KPK mandate - Independent anti-corruption commission
- Civil recovery - Asset recovery even without conviction
- Reverse burden - Limited shift of proof burden
Cases pending under UU 3/1971:
- Generally continue under old law (ongoing proceedings)
- But penalties under new law if harsher (lex mitior principle may apply)
New investigations:
- Conducted under UU 31/1999
- Use new procedures and powers
"Acts committed before" question:
- Crimes committed before Aug 16, 1999 but investigated after
- Generally prosecuted under UU 31/1999
- Unless retroactive application would violate lex mitior
Pasal 45 - Effective Date
Standard provision: Law effective upon promulgation
Date: August 16, 1999
Significance of date:
- Day before Indonesian Independence Day (August 17)
- Symbolic timing - anti-corruption as national renewal
- End of Habibie's transitional presidency (post-Suharto)
Publication:
- Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1999 Nomor 140 (main law)
- Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3874 (elucidation/penjelasan)
Immediate effect:
- No grace period
- Immediate application to new cases
- UU 3/1971 immediately revoked
Signed by:
- President: B.J. Habibie (third President of Indonesia)
- State Secretary: Muladi
Context:
- Habibie's transitional government (May 1998 - Oct 1999)
- Post-Suharto reform era (Reformasi)
- Period of rapid legal reforms
- Constitutional transition period
Related reforms (1999):
- UU 28/1999 - Clean State Governance
- UU 5/1999 - Competition Law
- TAP MPR XI/1998 - Anti-KKN (Corruption, Collusion, Nepotism)
Symbolism:
- Complete revocation of Suharto-era corruption law
- Signal of genuine anti-corruption commitment
- Reformasi (reform) era milestone
Legal continuity:
- Some provisions similar to UU 3/1971 (incorporated from KUHP)
- But framework fundamentally different
- Shift from lenient to strict approach
No transition period:
- Unusual for major criminal law
- Reflects urgency of corruption problem
- Political will to act quickly
Practical challenges:
- Law enforcement learning new procedures
- Judicial training needed
- Implementation guidelines required
Legislative process:
- Passed by DPR (Parliament)
- Presidential approval
- Proper promulgation
Constitutional basis:
- UUD 1945 Pasal 5(1) - Presidential legislative power
- UUD 1945 Pasal 20(1) - DPR legislative power
- TAP MPR XI/1998 - Policy directive
This law later amended by:
UU 20/2001 (2001):
- Expanded Pasal 12 (gratification)
- Added active bribery provisions
- Clarified corporate liability
- Does not revoke UU 31/1999 - amends and supplements
Result: UU 31/1999 as amended by UU 20/2001
Current status:
Both laws read together
UU 31/1999 = primary framework
UU 20/2001 = amendments/additions
Both remain in force
Dutch Criminal Code (KUHP) - Bribery provisions (inherited at independence)
1960: PNPS 24/1960 - Emergency Anti-Corruption Regulation
1971: UU 3/1971 - First comprehensive anti-corruption law
1971-1998: New Order era - Limited enforcement
1998: Suharto resignation - Reform demands
1998: TAP MPR XI/1998 - Clean Government mandate
1999: UU 28/1999 - Clean State Governance
1999 Aug 16: UU 31/1999 - This law enacted ← Pasal 44-45
2001: UU 20/2001 - Amendment to UU 31/1999
2002: UU 30/2002 - KPK Law (implementing Pasal 43)
2003: KPK operational
2006: UU 13/2006 - Witness Protection
2009: UU 46/2009 - Anti-Corruption Court
2019: UU 19/2019 - KPK Amendment (controversial)
Revoked law:
- [[UU_3_1971]] - Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (no longer in force)
- [[PNPS_24_1960]] - Emergency regulation (basis for UU 3/1971)
Amending law:
- [[UU_20_2001]] - Perubahan atas UU 31/1999
Implementing laws:
- [[UU_30_2002]] - KPK (implementing Pasal 43)
- [[PP_71_2000]] - Public Participation (implementing Pasal 41)
Related reforms:
- [[UU_28_1999]] - Penyelenggara Negara yang Bersih
- [[TAP_MPR_XI_1998]] - Policy foundation
Procedural base:
- [[UU_8_1981]] - KUHAP (applies except where UU 31/1999 specifies otherwise)
Substantive base:
- [[KUHP]] - Criminal Code (many provisions referenced)
Political context:
- Habibie's brief presidency (16 months)
- Transition from authoritarian to democratic era
- Public demand for accountability
- IMF reform conditions
Legal context:
- Rapid legislative changes
- Strengthening rule of law
- Separating business and politics
- Establishing transparency
Positive impacts:
- Thousands of corruption convictions
- High-level officials prosecuted
- KPK established and functional
- Public awareness increased
- International recognition improved
Ongoing challenges:
- Political resistance to enforcement
- Attempts to weaken KPK
- Corruption remains significant problem
- Selective enforcement concerns
- Need for continued strengthening
International standards:
- Aligned with UNCAC (later ratified 2006)
- Follows global best practices
- Regional leader in anti-corruption
Comparative law:
- More comprehensive than many developing countries
- Penalties among harshest globally (death penalty)
- Strong investigative powers
- Independent agency model
Chapter: BAB VII - KETENTUAN PENUTUP Articles: Pasal 44-45 (2 articles) Parent Regulation: UU_31_1999 Status: Active
Enactment: August 16, 1999 President: B.J. Habibie State Secretary: Muladi Official Gazette: Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1999 No. 140 Elucidation: Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 3874
Previous: [[UU_31_1999_BAB_6]] Next: [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN]] Parent: [[UU_31_1999]] Explanation: [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN_PASAL_44]], [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN_PASAL_45]]