Pasal 43

(1) Dalam waktu paling lambat 2 (dua) tahun sejak Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku, dibentuk Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi.

(2) Komisi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) mempunyai tugas dan wewenang melakukan koordinasi dan supervisi, termasuk melakukan penyelidikan, penyidikan, dan penuntutan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

(3) Keanggotaan Komisi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) terdiri atas unsur Pemerintah dan unsur masyarakat.

(4) Ketentuan mengenai pembentukan, susunan organisasi, tata kerja, pertanggungjawaban, tugas dan wewenang, serta keanggotaan Komisi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1). ayat (2), dan ayat (3) diatur dengan Undang-undang.

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Why this provision?

Prior to UU 31/1999, corruption enforcement was fragmented:

• Police (investigation)
• Attorney General's Office (prosecution)
• Courts (adjudication)

Problems:

• Inter-agency conflicts
• Lack of coordination
• Limited capacity for complex cases
• Political interference
• Inconsistent enforcement

Solution: Single specialized anti-corruption body

Deadline: Maximum 2 years from law's effective date

Calculation:

• UU 31/1999 enacted: August 16, 1999
• Deadline: August 16, 2001

Actual implementation:

• KPK Law enacted: November 27, 2002 (UU 30/2002)
• KPK operational: December 29, 2003
• Result: ~1 year late, but implemented

Primary functions:

1. Coordination (koordinasi):

• Coordinate corruption enforcement across agencies
• Align strategies among police, prosecutors, agencies
• Prevent duplication and conflicts

2. Supervision (supervisi):

• Oversee corruption investigations by other agencies
• Monitor quality and progress
• Can take over (trigger mechanism) if agencies fail

3. Direct enforcement powers:

• Investigation (penyelidikan) - Preliminary inquiry
• Investigation (penyidikan) - Formal investigation
• Prosecution (penuntutan) - Criminal prosecution

Significance: KPK combines coordination, oversight, AND enforcement - unique hybrid

Mixed composition:

• Government elements (unsur Pemerintah)
• Civil society elements (unsur masyarakat)

Purpose:

• Independence from government
• Public accountability
• Diverse perspectives
• Prevent capture by one interest

Actual KPK composition (UU 30/2002):

• 5 Commissioners (leadership board)
• Background: Former police, prosecutors, judges, academics, civil society
• Selected by President, approved by Parliament
• Not government employees - independent

Matters delegated to separate law:

• Formation procedures
• Organizational structure
• Work procedures
• Accountability mechanisms
• Duties and authorities (detailed)
• Membership criteria and selection

Why separate law?

• Comprehensive institutional design needed
• Flexibility for complex provisions
• Higher legislative attention
• Easier amendment if needed

Result: [[UU_30_2002]] - Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

KPK as "super body":

• Combines functions usually separated (investigation + prosecution)
• Trigger mechanism - can take over cases from police/prosecutors
• Independent from executive branch
• Mixed government-civil society composition
• Specialized corruption court (Pengadilan Tipikor)

Global context:

• Follows international trend (Hong Kong's ICAC, Singapore's CPIB)
• UNCAC (UN Convention Against Corruption) encourages specialized bodies
• Best practice for serious corruption

Implicit constitutional authority:

• UUD 1945 allows specialized agencies
• Anti-corruption effort = constitutional governance obligation
• Clean government mandate (TAP MPR XI/1998)

Checks and balances:

• Law requires DPR oversight
• Mixed composition prevents capture
• Judicial review of actions

Ayat 1 - "2 year" deadline:

• Political commitment
• But no sanction for missing deadline
• Reflects difficulty of establishing independent body

Ayat 3 - Mixed composition:

• Compromise between:
  • Government control (some government members)
  • Independence (civil society members)
• Balance of interests

Pre-KPK (1999-2003):

• Corruption cases: ~200/year prosecuted
• Recovery: Limited
• High-level cases: Rare

Post-KPK (2004-present):

• Corruption cases: 500+ prosecuted by KPK
• Conviction rate: >99%
• High-level officials: Ministers, governors, DPR members prosecuted
• Asset recovery: Trillions of rupiah

Controversies:

• Political backlash against KPK
• Attempts to weaken KPK (revisions to UU 30/2002)
• Tension with police and prosecutors
• Public support remains strong

Organization:

• Leadership: 5-member Commission (KPK Board)
• Term: 4 years, renewable once
• Selection: President proposes, DPR approves
• Staff: Investigators, prosecutors, researchers

Powers:

• Trigger mechanism: Can take over cases if:
  • Other agencies don't act
  • Involves high officials
  • Significant public concern
  • Obstacles in normal channels
• Wiretapping - Can intercept communications
• Travel bans - Can restrict suspect travel
• Asset freezing - Can freeze bank accounts
• Cooperation - Domestic and international

Jurisdiction:

• Cases involving state losses ≥ Rp 1 billion
• Cases with significant public attention
• Cases involving law enforcement/government officials

Accountability:

• Annual report to President and DPR
• Public reporting
• Ombudsman oversight
• Judicial review

Special court:

• Pengadilan Tipikor - Anti-Corruption Court
• Ad hoc judges (mix career + non-career)
• Corruption cases from KPK tried here

UU 19/2019 (KPK Revision):

• Controversial changes weakening KPK independence
• Made KPK part of executive branch
• Limited wiretapping powers
• Stricter oversight of KPK by Oversight Board
• Public outcry - Major protests
• Ongoing constitutional challenges

Current debates:

• Independence vs. accountability
• Oversight vs. interference
• Scope of authority
• Relation to regular law enforcement

Implementing legislation:

• [[UU_30_2002]] - Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (primary implementation)
• [[UU_46_2009]] - Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Anti-Corruption Court)
• [[UU_19_2019]] - Amendment to UU 30/2002 (controversial revision)

Powers granted to KPK:

• [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_27]] - Joint investigation team authority
• [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_29]] - Bank information access
• [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_30]] - Wiretapping authority
• [[UU_31_1999_BAB_4]] - Special procedural powers

Related mandates:

• [[TAP_MPR_XI_1998]] - Clean Government (policy basis for KPK)
• [[UU_28_1999]] - Clean State Governance

International:

• UNCAC - United Nations Convention Against Corruption (ratified by Indonesia)

Chapter: BAB VI - KETENTUAN LAIN-LAIN Articles: Pasal 43 (1 article) Parent Regulation: UU_31_1999 Status: Active (implemented via UU 30/2002)

Previous: [[UU_31_1999_BAB_5]] Next: [[UU_31_1999_BAB_7]] Parent: [[UU_31_1999]] Explanation: [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN_PASAL_43]] Implementation: [[UU_30_2002]]