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UU Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Pasal 24

BAB 3 — TINDAK PIDANA LAIN YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

Saksi yang tidak memenuhi ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 31, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun dan atau denda paling banyak Rp 150.000.000,000 (seratus lima puluh juta rupiah).

Pasal 21 - Obstruction of Justice

Elements:

  1. Intentional act (dengan sengaja)
  2. Preventing, obstructing, or thwarting - Any of three actions
  3. Target processes - Investigation, prosecution, or court examination
  4. Directly or indirectly - Broad scope
  5. In corruption cases - Related to suspects, defendants, or witnesses

Penalty: 3-12 years imprisonment + Rp 150-600 million fine

Scope:

  • Covers entire criminal justice process
  • Applies to obstruction of witnesses as well as suspects/defendants
  • Intentional element required (not negligence)

Examples:

  • Intimidating witnesses
  • Destroying evidence
  • Bribing law enforcement officials
  • Providing false alibis
  • Concealing suspects or evidence
  • Interfering with court proceedings

Pasal 22 - False or Withheld Testimony

Persons Subject: Referenced articles define who has duty to testify:

  • Pasal 28: Suspects (asset disclosure duty)
  • Pasal 29: Bank officials (financial information duty)
  • Pasal 35: General witness duty (with family exception)
  • Pasal 36: Professional secret-holders (with religious exception)

Prohibited Acts:

  1. Failing to provide information when legally obligated
  2. Providing false information

Penalty: 3-12 years imprisonment + Rp 150-600 million fine

Significance:

  • Same penalty as obstruction (Pasal 21)
  • Enforces cooperation duties in corruption investigations
  • Applies to multiple categories of required informants

Pasal 23 - KUHP Violations in Corruption Cases

Enhanced penalties for specific KUHP crimes when committed in corruption context:

| KUHP Article | Crime Type | Penalty | |--------------|------------|---------| | Pasal 220 | Refusal by public official to perform duty | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million | | Pasal 231 | Refusing to testify under oath | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million | | Pasal 421 | Civil servant destroying/concealing documents | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million | | Pasal 422 | Civil servant embezzling/destroying evidence | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million | | Pasal 429 | Accepting bribe to not perform duty | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million | | Pasal 430 | Accepting bribe to perform unlawful act | 1-6 years + Rp 50-300 million |

Key Principle:

  • These crimes receive enhanced penalties when committed "dalam perkara korupsi"
  • Shows heightened seriousness of obstructive acts in corruption context

Pasal 24 - Violation of Whistleblower Protection

Reference: Pasal 31 - Protection of informant identity

Violation:

  • Revealing name or address of informant/whistleblower
  • Revealing information that could identify informant
  • By witnesses or other parties in investigation/trial

Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment + Rp 150 million fine

Purpose:

  • Protects whistleblowers and informants
  • Encourages reporting of corruption
  • Maintains witness safety

BAB III creates multi-layered protection against interference with corruption enforcement:

  1. General obstruction (Pasal 21) - Broad catch-all provision
  2. Specific duties (Pasal 22) - Enforces cooperation requirements
  3. Official misconduct (Pasal 23) - Enhanced KUHP penalties for officials
  4. Witness protection (Pasal 24) - Safeguards informants

Obstruction crimes carry severe penalties (up to 12 years):

  • Comparable to many corruption crimes themselves
  • Reflects importance of unimpeded investigations
  • Deters cover-ups and interference

"Directly or Indirectly" (Pasal 21):

  • Covers both active interference and passive obstruction
  • Includes third parties not directly involved in corruption
  • Extends to sophisticated obstruction schemes

Multiple Processes Protected:

  • Investigation (penyidikan)
  • Prosecution (penuntutan)
  • Court examination (pemeriksaan di sidang pengadilan)

Both Pasal 21 and 22 require "dengan sengaja" (intentionally):

  • Not strict liability
  • Negligent obstruction not covered
  • But indirect obstruction still punishable if intentional

Foundational Duties Referenced:

  • [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_28]] - Suspect's asset disclosure duty
  • [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_29]] - Bank information disclosure duty
  • [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_31]] - Whistleblower identity protection
  • [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_35]] - General witness duty
  • [[UU_31_1999_PASAL_36]] - Professional secret-holder witness duty

Referenced KUHP Provisions:

  • [[KUHP_PASAL_220]] - Official refusal to perform duty
  • [[KUHP_PASAL_231]] - Refusal to testify under oath
  • [[KUHP_PASAL_421]] - Document destruction by official
  • [[KUHP_PASAL_422]] - Evidence destruction by official
  • [[KUHP_PASAL_429]] - Bribery to prevent duty performance
  • [[KUHP_PASAL_430]] - Bribery to commit unlawful act

Related Chapters:

  • [[UU_31_1999_BAB_2]] - Primary corruption crimes
  • [[UU_31_1999_BAB_4]] - Investigation and trial procedures protected by this chapter

Implementing:

  • [[PP_71_2000]] - Public participation in anti-corruption (includes witness protection)
  • [[UU_13_2006]] - Witness and Victim Protection

Pasal 21 (Obstruction):

  • Anyone ("setiap orang")
  • Includes family members, associates, lawyers (if obstructing)
  • Corporate entities (if obstructing systematically)

Pasal 22 (False Testimony):

  • Suspects (re: assets)
  • Bank officials (re: financial information)
  • Witnesses (general duty)
  • Professional secret-holders (unless religious officials)

Pasal 23 (KUHP Violations):

  • Civil servants and officials
  • Any person committing listed KUHP offenses in corruption context

Pasal 24 (Identity Disclosure):

  • Witnesses
  • Other persons in investigation or trial

Obstruction (Pasal 21):

  • Witness tampering or intimidation
  • Destroying or altering documents
  • Bribing investigators or prosecutors
  • Providing safe haven to fugitive corruption suspects
  • Creating false evidence or alibis

False Testimony (Pasal 22):

  • Suspect concealing asset information
  • Bank refusing to disclose account information
  • Witness lying under oath
  • Doctor/accountant falsifying information (unless religious counselor)

KUHP Violations (Pasal 23):

  • Court clerk destroying case files
  • Police officer refusing to investigate corruption report
  • Official embezzling evidence
  • Civil servant bribed to drop investigation

Identity Disclosure (Pasal 24):

  • Witness revealing whistleblower's name in testimony
  • Media publishing informant identity
  • Official leaking source information

Chapter: BAB III - TINDAK PIDANA LAIN YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI Articles: Pasal 21-24 (4 articles) Parent Regulation: UU_31_1999 Status: Active

Previous: [[UU_31_1999_BAB_2]] Next: [[UU_31_1999_BAB_4]] Parent: [[UU_31_1999]] Explanation: [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN_PASAL_21]] through [[UU_31_1999_PENJELASAN_PASAL_24]]

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